Skip to content
Levantine LivesFR

Wars, sieges and violence

1740-1741: at Bethlehem, a collapsed oven set off a war

From August 1740 to January 1741

The storyRelated peopleScope and placesSources and method

The story

It all begins with a collapsed oven. On 23 March 1740, in Bethlehem, a little girl named Margarita dies under its ruins after heavy rains. Her father, Francesco di Salamone, blames a neighbour, Giovanni il Betars, called "of Nazareth", for digging a kind of cave near the oven's foundations and refusing to build the wall he was asked for. He claims blood money. The priest tells the affair in a long notice to his successors, inserted in the death register:

Notizia alli Cu[r]ati. Stante La controversia Fra un tal Francesco di Salamone Amochasciar, e Giovanni il Betars detto di Nazarette per una pretenzione di Sangue […] essendoli una sua Figliuolina di anni sei chiamata Margarita morta il di 23. Marzo 1740 sotto Le rovine del suo forno a caso cascato per Le molte piogge […]

"Notice to the priests. The dispute being between one Francesco di Salamone Amochasciar and Giovanni il Betars, called of Nazareth, over a blood claim […], a little daughter of his, six years old, named Margarita, having died on 23 March 1740 under the ruins of his oven, which had collapsed by chance because of the heavy rains […]"

The child's burial entry, signed by the priest, gives her almost nine years.

The blood feud covers another quarrel. The leaders of the Catholic party, under the protection of a Turkish chief, Salomone delli Alfuagri, want to make him "Capo Cafarriere" in place of Giabar, and to take for themselves the office of dragoman of the Holy Land, "a thing claimed for many years," the priest writes, "at notable expense and with much trouble." The assault is dated to the hour:

Dunque il di 28. Agosto 1740 alle ore 7 della Sera il Salomone Delu con tutti li Cattolici [Turchi] di sua partita assalivono di repente il Capo Cafarriere detto Giabar Turco […] e La Nazione tutta delli Torcimanni Saccheggiando Le loro Case spogliandoli del tutto […]

"So on 28 August 1740, at seven in the evening, Salomone Delu, with all the Catholics [and Turks] of his party, suddenly attacked the chief Giabar the Turk […] and the whole nation of the dragomans, plundering their houses, stripping them of everything […]"

The first night takes the man who had opened the quarrel: according to the narrative, Francesco leaps from one terrace towards the next, misses, and dies; it was said a stone had struck his head. On 30 August the vice-parish priest buries a Franciscus, son of Salomon elmchasciar, aged forty-seven, fallen from the top of his house without the sacraments, "jacta Nocte præcedenti seditione, et Bello," the sedition and war having broken out the night before.

The dead follow, one by one, and the register writes down their cause. Petrus, seventeen, of the dragoman nation, shot in the left shoulder by an arquebus near his house, dies "after seven days" in the dragomans' room of the convent, "in Camera Torcimannorum in Conventu." On 4 October Antonius, twenty-four, fleeing the danger, is killed by a blow to the head "in Valle S. Pauli prope Bethlehem."

On 10 October the governor arrives with the Jerusalem militia and puts Giabar and the dragomans back in possession of Bethlehem. On 23 October, in the third assault, two front-line fighters fall unconfessed; they are buried at Beit Jala "sine Parocho e[t] Cruce," without priest or cross, and the priest notes that no one called him.

Families flee. In the parish's other volume, the baptismal register, children born in these weeks are baptised late: their parents had taken refuge at Beit Jala, "propter Bellum."

On 1 November a new note from the priest announces peace: through a mediator, Mustafà called the Deaf, the Arabs and the chiefs of the Jordan bring word of peace and the return of weapons. It also gives a count: "i morti furono nove," the dead were nine, four of the Catholic party, five of the dragomans'.

The peace does not hold. Three days after an oath to make war no more, on 27 November, at half past four in the morning, an assault strikes near the Shepherds' Village. The note that tells it is damaged: it speaks of men shut in two houses, of wounded men who die, of bodies sent to Hebron. No burial entry of the parish records them.

On 7 December a woman of about a hundred and ten dies at the convent, where she had taken refuge with other Christians "a metu inimicorum," for fear of the enemies.

After Christmas the priest writes an account of the feast. He first sets down the toll of the autumn: "Svillegiate Le Case, Sfornata La villa, fatt'in fuga, e raminghi Li Abitanti," the houses plundered, the village emptied, the inhabitants fled and wandering. Then Christmas: for the first time, he writes, in more than five hundred years of Franciscans in Bethlehem, no friar and no pilgrim could come, and the Father Guardian could not solemnise the night; Christmas was celebrated pontifically at the Holy Sepulchre. The few left in the convent still kept the feast:

Qui pochi ci trovassimo riservati Celebrassimo i Divini […] Natali d'un tanto N[ost]ro Dio fatt'Uomo dentro la medema Grotta, Celebrando il P. R. Guardiano cosa mai accaduta

"We few who remained here celebrated the Nativity of so great a God made man inside the very Grotto, the Father Guardian celebrating, a thing that had never happened."

The friars carry the Child in procession to the Grotto, "più con Lacrime che con [Canti]," more with tears than with songs, and sing the Gloria and the Te Deum there.

Then, on 2 January 1741:

Gratie all'Immensa Misericordia del tutt'Onnipotente Iddio Oggi 2. Sennajo 1741. pacificati alquanto se[…] durezze de Cuori di questo popolo s'é degnata La Divina bontà […] farsi l'Apertura di N[ost]ra Chiesa grande […] e terminossi La medema ser[a] in pace […] e la Chiesa aperta =

"Thanks to the Immense Mercy of Almighty God, today, 2 January 1741, the hardness of this people's hearts somewhat softened, Divine goodness has deigned […] to reopen our great church […] and it ended that same evening in peace […] the church open."

Twenty-seven days later, though, a Bethlehem couple whose banns had been read in Bethlehem is married at Saint Saviour in Jerusalem "ob impedimentum Belli," because of the hindrance of war. On 2 February the priest baptises a girl born on 22 November at Beit Sala "propter bellum Bethlehemitanorū," because of the Bethlehemites' war. No marriage is then celebrated in Bethlehem before 24 February 1745; the last one dated from 19 July 1740. No source says why.

This event is attested by the records and sources that mention it directly. Each person linked to it carries their own degree of certainty, shown on their page. Their number is a minimum: the people the records name.

Related people

1. People named in the event

13 people linked to date.

Documented impact (4)

  • Catharina, daughter of Georgius

    réfugiée au couvent

    Justification

    Eodem Anno die 7. Xbris Catharina [ … ex antiquissimis Catholicis huius Parochiæ … confessionis Viatici et S[ancti] Olei munita, ac bene disposita, in N[ost]ro C[œno]bio a metu inimicorum cum aliis Christianis refugiata, Animam reddidit suo Æterno Creatori, Ætatis suæ 110 circiter et aliquid plus

    Film 8189367, img 397, f. 79r, record of 7 décembre 1740

    Quoted from the register.

    Reading reservation: …, …, ancti

  • Petrus

    Deceased

    Justification

    Eodem Anno die vero 6. 8bris Petrus filius Josephi de Francisco e Catharina de Gabrieli natione Torcimannorum Catholicorum e hujus Civitatis, e Parochiae filius ob Bellum allatum prope eius Domum ictus sclopeti accepto vulnere in Sinistra Scapula die 30: Augusti, miserante D[omi]no confessus fuit a me infrascripto ac S[anc]to viatico refectus, e S[anc]to Olio unctus bene dispositus post 7. dies Animam eterno suo Creatore [nimia cum] edificatione Reli[gi]osorum in Camera Torcimannorum in Conventu reddidit cum esset annorum 17. mensium 5. et dierum 26. Cujus Corpus solitis adhibitis Ecclesiasticis ceremoniis in Nostro Communi Cemeterio sepultus fuit. In quorum fidem Fr Endimius Baldas à Carygo

    Film 8189367, img 396, f. 14 (left folio), record of 1740-10-06

  • Joannes, son of Motsallem

    Deceased

    Justification

    ex Antesignariis Propugnantibus Joannes filius Motsallem de Galil, e Barache de Michaele cecidit inconfessi in Bello

    Liber Defunctorum Sanctæ Catharinæ Bethlehem, Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, film 8189367, img 396, f. 14 (left folio), acte dated 1740-10-23, id_acte BSC-DEC-1740-i396-04

  • Franciscus Antonius, son of Salomon

    Deceased

    Justification

    jacta Nocte præcedenti seditione, et Bello in villa Bethlehemitica inter ipsum suosque adhærentes contra Nationem Torcimannorum, casu datus in præceps ex solario ipsius Domus, absque Sacramentis Ecclesiæ cessit e vita

    Liber Defunctorum Sanctæ Catharinæ Bethlehem, Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, film 8189367, img 395, f. 13, acte dated 1740-08-30, id_acte BSC-DEC-1740-i395-02

Probable exposure (7)

  • Natalia, daughter of Joannis

    Child

    Justification

    [en-tete de page] 1740 | [folio, coin sup. droit] 87 [marge gauche, arabe] ميلادة بنت / يوحنا بن صالح / و مرتا [+ croix pattee] [corps] Anno D̄ni 1740 die 26. Xbrij Ego Parochus infrascriptus. Civitatij Bethlehem, et Ecclesia S.æ Mariæ ad Præsepe baptizavi Infantulam natam die 23. ejusdē ex Joanne filio [Paciphici ?], et Martha filia Nassar Elchamame conjugibuj catholicij hujuj Ecclesiæ; cui impositum fuit nomen Natalia. Patrini fuerunt Mansur filiuj Marzuq, et Maria filia Georgij Ɛallal. In quorum Fidereʒ [sic] Fr Petrus Antonius de Naro Parochus Curatus

    Film 8927273, img 187, f. 87, record of 1740-12-26

  • Maria, daughter of Georgij Ɛallal

    Godmother

    Justification

    [en-tete de page] 1740 | [folio, coin sup. droit] 87 [marge gauche, arabe] ميلادة بنت / يوحنا بن صالح / و مرتا [+ croix pattee] [corps] Anno D̄ni 1740 die 26. Xbrij Ego Parochus infrascriptus. Civitatij Bethlehem, et Ecclesia S.æ Mariæ ad Præsepe baptizavi Infantulam natam die 23. ejusdē ex Joanne filio [Paciphici ?], et Martha filia Nassar Elchamame conjugibuj catholicij hujuj Ecclesiæ; cui impositum fuit nomen Natalia. Patrini fuerunt Mansur filiuj Marzuq, et Maria filia Georgij Ɛallal. In quorum Fidereʒ [sic] Fr Petrus Antonius de Naro Parochus Curatus

    Film 8927273, img 187, f. 87, record of 1740-12-26

  • Martha, daughter of Nassar Elchamame

    Mother

    Justification

    [en-tete de page] 1740 | [folio, coin sup. droit] 87 [marge gauche, arabe] ميلادة بنت / يوحنا بن صالح / و مرتا [+ croix pattee] [corps] Anno D̄ni 1740 die 26. Xbrij Ego Parochus infrascriptus. Civitatij Bethlehem, et Ecclesia S.æ Mariæ ad Præsepe baptizavi Infantulam natam die 23. ejusdē ex Joanne filio [Paciphici ?], et Martha filia Nassar Elchamame conjugibuj catholicij hujuj Ecclesiæ; cui impositum fuit nomen Natalia. Patrini fuerunt Mansur filiuj Marzuq, et Maria filia Georgij Ɛallal. In quorum Fidereʒ [sic] Fr Petrus Antonius de Naro Parochus Curatus

    Film 8927273, img 187, f. 87, record of 1740-12-26

  • Mansur, son of Marzuq

    Godfather

    Justification

    [en-tete de page] 1740 | [folio, coin sup. droit] 87 [marge gauche, arabe] ميلادة بنت / يوحنا بن صالح / و مرتا [+ croix pattee] [corps] Anno D̄ni 1740 die 26. Xbrij Ego Parochus infrascriptus. Civitatij Bethlehem, et Ecclesia S.æ Mariæ ad Præsepe baptizavi Infantulam natam die 23. ejusdē ex Joanne filio [Paciphici ?], et Martha filia Nassar Elchamame conjugibuj catholicij hujuj Ecclesiæ; cui impositum fuit nomen Natalia. Patrini fuerunt Mansur filiuj Marzuq, et Maria filia Georgij Ɛallal. In quorum Fidereʒ [sic] Fr Petrus Antonius de Naro Parochus Curatus

    Film 8927273, img 187, f. 87, record of 1740-12-26

  • Joannes, son of Josephi Naufè

    Child

    Justification

    [cartouche, en travers de la page] Anno a Christi D̄ni N̄ri Filii Deivivi Nativitate Secundum Carnem 1741 [marge gauche, arabe] يوحنا ابن / يوسف ناوفة / و مريم [corps] Anno a partu virginij Deipara 1741. die vero 16. mensij Januarij Ego Parochuj Curatus intrascriptuj Baptizavi in N̄ra Ecclesia Parochiali Civitatij Bethlehem Judæ sub Titulo S.a M.æ ad Præsepe Infantem natū die 8. ejusdem ex Josepho filio Joannij Naufè, et Maria filia Georgii Mrosallem conjugibuj hujuj civitatij Davidij, et ex familiij Catholicorum hujus Parochiæ cui fuit impositum nomen Joannes. Patrini fuerunt Moysij filiuj Josephi Nassar et Elisabetha filia Petri Nasori + [ligne inseree, appel +] + Catholicii hujuj Parochi

    Film 8927273, img 187, f. 87, record of 1741-01-16

  • Elisabetha, daughter of Petri Nasori

    Godmother

    Justification

    [cartouche, en travers de la page] Anno a Christi D̄ni N̄ri Filii Deivivi Nativitate Secundum Carnem 1741 [marge gauche, arabe] يوحنا ابن / يوسف ناوفة / و مريم [corps] Anno a partu virginij Deipara 1741. die vero 16. mensij Januarij Ego Parochuj Curatus intrascriptuj Baptizavi in N̄ra Ecclesia Parochiali Civitatij Bethlehem Judæ sub Titulo S.a M.æ ad Præsepe Infantem natū die 8. ejusdem ex Josepho filio Joannij Naufè, et Maria filia Georgii Mrosallem conjugibuj hujuj civitatij Davidij, et ex familiij Catholicorum hujus Parochiæ cui fuit impositum nomen Joannes. Patrini fuerunt Moysij filiuj Josephi Nassar et Elisabetha filia Petri Nasori + [ligne inseree, appel +] + Catholicii hujuj Parochi

    Film 8927273, img 187, f. 87, record of 1741-01-16

  • Maria, daughter of Georgii Mrosallem

    Mother

    Justification

    [cartouche, en travers de la page] Anno a Christi D̄ni N̄ri Filii Deivivi Nativitate Secundum Carnem 1741 [marge gauche, arabe] يوحنا ابن / يوسف ناوفة / و مريم [corps] Anno a partu virginij Deipara 1741. die vero 16. mensij Januarij Ego Parochuj Curatus intrascriptuj Baptizavi in N̄ra Ecclesia Parochiali Civitatij Bethlehem Judæ sub Titulo S.a M.æ ad Præsepe Infantem natū die 8. ejusdem ex Josepho filio Joannij Naufè, et Maria filia Georgii Mrosallem conjugibuj hujuj civitatij Davidij, et ex familiij Catholicorum hujus Parochiæ cui fuit impositum nomen Joannes. Patrini fuerunt Moysij filiuj Josephi Nassar et Elisabetha filia Petri Nasori + [ligne inseree, appel +] + Catholicii hujuj Parochi

    Film 8927273, img 187, f. 87, record of 1741-01-16

Contemporary context (2)

  • Joseph Raphael

    Justification

    Eodem Anno die 20. Novembris Ego Infrascriptus Parochus hujus Eccl.æ S.i Salvatoris baptizavi Infantem natum die 18. ejusdem Mensis ex Georgio Interprete filio Joannis et Joanna filia Michaelis Interpretis, Coniugibus. cui impositum fuit Nomen Joseph Raphael

    Film 8927189, img 278, f. 110, record of 20 novembre 1740

  • Georgius interpres, son of Joannis

    Father

    Justification

    Eodem Anno die 20. Novembris Ego Infrascriptus Parochus hujus Eccl.æ S.i Salvatoris baptizavi Infantem natum die 18. ejusdem Mensis ex Georgio Interprete filio Joannis et Joanna filia Michaelis Interpretis, Coniugibus. cui impositum fuit Nomen Joseph Raphael

    Film 8927189, img 278, f. 110, act no. 25 du 20 novembre 1740 (Saint-Sauveur, Jerusalem)

People named in the acts who cannot yet be identified

  • 9 victims whose record states the link to the war in its body.
  • 7 refugee families in the baptism records (births outside the parish “propter Bellum”).
  • 4 reconstituted identities on either side of the window with no attestation within it.
  • The 2 spouses of the relocated marriage of 29 January 1741.

Scope and places

2. Dates and places

First attested day
In August 1740

month known, day uncertain

borne établie par faisceau au mois; le jour reste ouvert

See the source text

borne établie par faisceau au mois; le jour reste ouvert

Last attested day
In January 1741

month known, day uncertain

Records attesting it
21

Where

WarJerusalemBethlehemHebronJaffaEin KaremJerichoRamlaBeit JalaBeit Sahour

Places linked

  • Bethlehem

    attested in its own registers : Places linked

    At most, the records here attest: people affected by the event.

    At this place: attested from 1740 to 1741

    lieu des combats, des morts et de la dispersion, attesté par ses propres registres

  • Beit Jala

    attested by another parish : Places linked

    At most, the records here attest: people likely exposed to it.

    At this place: attested in 1740

    Scope ceiling: les liens rattachés à ce lieu ne dépassent JAMAIS probable exposure. Le lieu est documenté par une paroisse tierce, il n'est jamais attesté au sens plein.

    See the source text

    Scope ceiling: les liens rattachés à ce lieu ne dépassent Jamais probable exposure. Le lieu est documenté par une paroisse tierce, il n'est jamais attesté au sens plein.

  • Villa Pastorum

    attested by another parish : Places linked

    At most, the records here attest: people likely exposed to it.

    At this place: attested in 1740

    Scope ceiling: les liens rattachés à ce lieu ne dépassent JAMAIS probable exposure. Le lieu est documenté par une paroisse tierce, il n'est jamais attesté au sens plein.

    See the source text

    Scope ceiling: les liens rattachés à ce lieu ne dépassent Jamais probable exposure. Le lieu est documenté par une paroisse tierce, il n'est jamais attesté au sens plein.

  • Villa Sala

    attested by another parish : Places linked

    At most, the records here attest: people likely exposed to it.

    At this place: attested in 1740

    lieu d'une mort subite « propter Bellum contra Torcimanos habitum » le 24 novembre 1740, et lieu de naissance d'un enfant « propter bellum Bethlehemitanorum » le 22 novembre 1740.

    Scope ceiling: les liens rattachés à ce lieu ne dépassent JAMAIS probable exposure. Le lieu est documenté par une paroisse tierce, il n'est jamais attesté au sens plein.

    See the source text

    Scope ceiling: les liens rattachés à ce lieu ne dépassent Jamais probable exposure. Le lieu est documenté par une paroisse tierce, il n'est jamais attesté au sens plein.

  • Jerusalem

    attested through an effect of the event : Places linked

    At most, the records here attest: contemporaries of the event.

    At this place: attested in 1741

    Scope ceiling: ce lieu n'ouvre JAMAIS probable exposure. Seul un effet de l'événement s'y mesure; la portée d'effet et la portée d'exposition sont deux choses.

    See the source text

    Scope ceiling: ce lieu n'ouvre Jamais probable exposure. Seul un effet de l'événement s'y mesure; la portée d'effet et la portée d'exposition sont deux choses.

What this event does not cover

Sources and method

3. What the sources say

  • 1740

    Other, 1740

    1740 / Notice to the Curates. Given the controversy between a certain Francesco di Salamone Amochasciar and Giovanni il Betars, called di Nazarette, over a claim of Blood that the First intended to have against the Second, a little Daughter of his, six years old, named Margarita, having died on 23 March 1740 under the ruins of his oven, which fell by chance because of the many rains, the said Fran.co, Father, and the Relatives of the Girl saying that the Sig.o di Nazzarette was the Cause, for having made on the side of an arch of the wall of his House a kind of Grotto which came some distance from the foundation of the oven, and keeping the [scuola ?] there, and having been warned to build a wall there to strengthen the part of the earth corresponding to the base of the oven, he never would do it; whence the accident happened that the oven collapsed and the daughter died under it, …

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 12-13, record of 1740

    As written, italian (excerpt): 1740 / Notizia alli Cu[r]ati. Stante La controversia Fra un tal Francesco di Salamone Amochasciar, e Giovanni il Betars detto di Nazarette per una pretenzione di Sangue intendeva il Primo havere contro il Secondo essendoli una sua Figliuolina di anni sei chiamata Margarita morta il di 23. Marzo 1740 sotto Le rovine del suo forno a caso cascato per Le molte piogge, dicendo il sud.o Fran.co Padre, …

  • 30 August 1740

    Burial of Franciscus Antonius, son of Salomon, aged 47

    In the year of the Lord 1740, on the 30th of August, Franciscus son of Salomon elmchasciar, aged 47 years and 28 days, a Greek-Catholic, son of this Church, the sedition and war having broken out the preceding night in the village of Bethlehem between him and his adherents against the nation of the Torcimanni (dragomans), having by accident been thrown headlong from the upper floor (solarium) of his house, departed this life without the Sacraments of the Church, and his body was buried in the customary manner in the common cemetery of the Catholics, by me the undersigned, [...] and of all the infidels [...]. D. Endimius Baldaÿ[?], canon[?] vice-parish-priest.

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 13, record of 1740-08-30

    As written, latin (excerpt): Anno D[omi]ni 1740 die 30 Augusti Franciscus filius Salomonis elmchasciar annorum 47 et dierum 28 Grœcus Catholicus hujus Ecclesiæ filius, jacta Nocte præcedenti seditione, et Bello in villa Bethlehemitica inter ipsum suosque adhærentes contra Nationem Torcimannorum, casu datus in præceps ex solario ipsius Domus, absque Sacramentis Ecclesiæ cessit e vita, et sepultum fuit ejus Corpus more solito in communi Catholicorum Cœmeterio per me infrascriptum, …

  • 6 October 1740

    Burial of Petrus, aged 17

    In the same Year, on 6 October, Petrus, son of Josephi de Francisco and Catharina de Gabrieli, of the nation of the Torcimannorum Catholicorum, and a son of this City and Parish, because of the War brought near his House, having received a wound from a musket shot in the Left Shoulder on 30 August, by the mercy of the Lord confessed to me the undersigned, and refreshed with the Holy viaticum, and anointed with the Holy Oil, well disposed, after 7 days gave back his Soul to his eternal Creator [with great] edification of the Religious, in the Room of the Torcimannorum in the Convent, being 17 years, 5 months and 26 days old. Whose Body was buried with the usual Ecclesiastical ceremonies in Our Common Cemetery. In witness whereof Fr Endimius Baldas à Carygo, Vice-Parish Priest

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14 (left folio), record of 1740-10-06

    As written, latin (excerpt): Eodem Anno die vero 6. 8bris Petrus filius Josephi de Francisco e Catharina de Gabrieli natione Torcimannorum Catholicorum e hujus Civitatis, e Parochiae filius ob Bellum allatum prope eius Domum ictus sclopeti accepto vulnere in Sinistra Scapula die 30: Augusti, miserante D[omi]no confessus fuit a me infrascripto ac S[anc]to viatico refectus, e S[anc]to Olio unctus bene dispositus post 7. …

  • 16 October 1740

    Baptism of 16 October 1740

    [left margin, Arabic] Katrina daughter of / Fransis al-Nassar / and Maryam daughter of / Butrus Karwash [body] In the year of the Lord 1740, on 16 October, I the undersigned parish priest and curate of this Church of Stæ Mariæ ad Præsepe of the City of Bethlehem of David baptized conditionally an infant girl, a sprinkling having been made hastily in the field by the grandmother, who feared she would die, and thus unknowingly; born on the […] of the aforesaid month of October in the village commonly called Bettiella, of Francisco Nassar son of Joannis Nassar, otherwise Stellas, and Maria daughter of Petri Croascij, spouses and Catholics of this parish and City, who had fled there because of the war that broke out among the [Zonuires ?] on the […] of October. To whom was given the name Catharina. The godparents were Petrus de Thomaso and Maria daughter of Victorij of the villa Pastorum. …

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, record of 1740-10-16

    As written, latin (excerpt): [marge gauche, arabe] كترينا بنت / فرنسيس النصار / و مريم بنت / بطرس كرواش [corps] Anno Dñi 1740. die 16. 8bris Ego Infrascriptus Parochus Curatus hujus Ecclesiæ Stæ Mariæ ad Præsepe Civitatis Bethlehem David baptizavi infantulam sub conditione stante aspersione facta ab Avia festinanter in pratu timendo morituram sic ignoranter natam die […]. …

  • 23 October 1740

    Burial of Joannes, son of Motsallem

    In the same Year 1740, on 23 October, on the same day, a battle having again been fought for the third time unexpectedly on the part of the aforesaid Catholics, garrisoned at Beit-galae, against the [Jovimaurorum ?] and their nation [who] had attacked Bethlehem with the intention of storming the village and again putting to flight the [Jovaiman ?], [around] 4 hours after midday, of the Standard-bearing Defenders, Joannes son of Motsallem de Galil, and Barache de Michaele fell unconfessed in the War, died and were buried without Parish Priest and Cross right there in Beit-galae, whom not even the Schismatic Priests, as we buried; [he was/they were] thirty-seven years and two days old. So it happened, nor did they call me [to] the burial. I, the Bethlehemiticus Parish Priest, as above

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14 (left folio), record of 1740-10-23

    As written, latin (excerpt): Eodem Anno 1740. die 23. 8bris eodem die facta iterum tertia vice ex improviso pugna ex parte Catholicorum supradictorum Beit-galae presidiatorum contra [Jovimaurorum ?] e natione eorum [qui] auxissent Bethlehem animo expugnandi villam e fugandi iterum [Jovaiman ?] [circa] horas 4 post meridiem ex Antesignariis Propugnantibus Joannes filius Motsallem de Galil, e Barache de Michaele cecidit inconfessi in Bello, …

  • 1 November 1740?

    Other of 1 November 1740

    1740. Subsequent notice. In those days, through the mediation and agreement of the said Mustafà, called the Deaf, they brought [...] the terms agreed by the Arabs and the chiefs of the Jordan, [the] word of peace, and the restitution of the arms and the rest [...] in the case [Ciabar ?] to pay a blood-price for the dead man [...] the 4 [houses ?] on the Catholics' side under the Government of [Salomon], and the 5 on the Dragomans' side under the Chief [Sia...] [...] the [Suagni ?] with his party of Turks and C[atholics] into Bethlehem on the first of November 1740, [...] everyone (wishing) to live in their houses in peace. But finding the houses somewhat damaged, and [...] wanting them repaired by the Dragomans, he obliged the masters, and everyone on his own part, to give them lime and stones [...] the masons content. …

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 15 (right folio), record of 1740-11-01

    As written, italian (excerpt): 1740. Notizia successiva. Fra questi giorni intromessosi p[er] accordo di detto Mustafà alias il Sordo condussero [...] dizioni accordati dagl'Arabi e capi del Giordano [la] parola di pace, e di restituirsi l'armi e gl'altr[i] [...] al caso [Ciabar ?] pagare un sangue del morto [...] poiché i morti furono nove : 4. della parte de' Cattolici sotto il Governo di Sa[lomone] e 5. …

  • 24 November 1740

    Baptism of 24 November 1740

    [left margin, Arabic] Jirjis son of / Khalil son of Jirjis / Uways and Raja [?] daughter of / Ibrahim ibn Salama [body] In the same year, on 24 November, I the undersigned parish priest of the City of Bethlehem of David and of this parish of S. M. ad Præsepe baptized an infant boy born on 30 October, of Ghalil son of Georgij auis [?] and Raijæ daughter of Abrahami de Salame, spouses and Catholics of this parish, who had fled to Beit Giala because of the war, for which reason [word struck out] they postponed the baptism of the aforesaid boy. To whom was given the name Georgius. The godparents were [struck out: Joannes] Joseph Boij Nassar, and Maria Boij Sciaijn. In faith whereof. Fr Petrus Ant. de Navo, parish priest

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, record of 1740-11-24

    As written, latin (excerpt): [marge gauche, arabe] جرجس ابن / خليل ابن جرجس / اويس و رجا [؟] بنت / ابرهيم بن سلامه [corps] Eodem anno die 24. 9bris Ego infrascriptus Parochus Civitatis Bethlehem David et hujus Parochiæ S. M. ad Præsepe baptizavi Infantem natum 30: 8bris ex Ghalil filio Georgij auis [?] et Raijæ filia Abrahami de Salame Conjugibus et Catholicis hujus Parochiæ propter Bellum Beit Giala fugatis quaq[ue] [mot biffé] transtulerunt Baptismum pueri antedicti. Cui impositum fuit Nomen Georgius. …

  • 27 November 1740

    Other of 27 November 1740

    On 27 November 1740. Having returned once again to Bet[lemme], Capo Turco, he having gone alone [...] cavri with Sidbar Capo Casarrieve [...] willingly accepted the pacification in [caso?] of a Christian called Ghannus [...] Botticella the Catholics with Salomone de la [...] alone by Night in Betlemme for pea[ce] [...]rieve of Betleme and of the Torcimani[ni] who [...]tion requested of her by Salomone and, united, Ghannus swore an oath not to [...] wage war any more; always however [...] three days having passed, on 27 November [...] being at the Villa de' Pastori the [...] having seen [the] horsemen and friends of S[...] the restitution of the Goods ta[ken] [...] of the departure of Salomone and not [...] eco at half past 4 in the morning [...] of those of the Pastori the assault Salo[mone] [...] 11 Ebronisti shut up in two Houses, …

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 78v, record of 1740-11-27

    As written, italian (excerpt): a 27 9bre 1740. Altra volta ritornatisi in Bet[lemme] Capo Turco, questi portatosi solo [...] cavri con Sidbar Capo Casarrieve [...] volentieri accettò la pacificazione in [caso?] d'un Cristiano detto Ghannus [...] Botticella li cattolici con Salomone de la [...] solo di Notte in Betlemme per pac[e] [...]rieve di Betleme e de' Torcimani[ni] che [...]zione richiestale da Salomone ed uniti Ghannus fecero giuramento di non [...] più far guerra; sempre però [...] passati tre …

  • 5 December 1740

    Baptism of 5 December 1740

    [left margin, Arabic] 'Isa son of / La'zar and Saliha [body] In the same year, on 5 December, I the undersigned parish priest of this City of David and of the Church of S. M. ad Præsepe baptized an infant boy born on 28 November at Beitgala on account of the war, of Lazaro son of Servi Christi, and Pacifica daughter of Aisa Muad [?], spouses and Catholics of this parish, to whom was given the name Aisa. The godparents were Georgius Mammar and Maria daughter of Georgij Giallal. In faith whereof. Fr Petrus Antonius de Navo, parish priest and curate

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, record of 1740-12-05

    As written, latin: [marge gauche, arabe] عيسى ابن / لعزر و صالحة [corps] Eodem Anno die 5. xbris ego Infrascriptus Parochus hujus Civitatis David et Ecclesiæ S. M. ad Præsepe baptizavi Infantem die 28. 9bris Beitgala ob bellum natum ex Lazaro filio Servi Christi, et Pacifica filia Aisa Muad [?] conjugibus et Catholicis huj. Parochiæ. Cui impositum fuit Nomen Aisa. Patrini fuerunt Georgius Mammar et Maria filia Georgij Giallal. In quorum fidem. Fr Petrus Antonius de Navo Parochus Curatus

  • 25 December 1740?

    Other of 25 December 1740

    [en-tête, marge haut-gauche: pagination "518" (?)] On 25 October 1740. [margin: Account of the Christmas Feasts] The obstinate perseverance, Rustic Stubbornness and detestable Pride of these Betlemiti peoples, and still more of Our so-called Catholics, well recognised by themselves and confessed from their own mouths, drawn by Interest, Domination and abominable Ambition envious of the good of others, has made evident upon them the Wrath of God, provoked by Blood barbarously shed, unjust slaughters and vendicative[?] vendettas, so much so that, for so unjust a War and Lamentable Obstinacy of the Christians, the same Divine Justice not only permitted everyone to be absolutely deprived of goods, the Houses Svillegiate[?], the village Sfornata[?], the Inhabitants put to flight and wandering, and many deprived of Life insagramentati[?] mala[mente], thus disheartened and scattered, …

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 398, record of 1740-12-25

    As written, italian (excerpt): [en-tête, marge haut-gauche : pagination "518" (?)] A dì 25 8bre 1740. [marge : Relazione delle Feste Natalizie] La protervia perseveranza Caparbietà Rustica e Superbia detestabile di questi popoli Betlemiti, e vie più de Nostri Chiamati Cattolici ben bene da lor medemi conosciuta, e di loro bocca confessata, tirati dall'Interesse Predominio ed [a]bominevole Ambizione invidiosa del bene altrui, …

  • 2 January 1741

    Other of 2 January 1741

    [year cartouche at the head of the folio: Anno Dni 1741] [margin: Opening of the Great Church] Thanks to the Immense Mercy of the all-Omnipotent God, Today 2 January 1741, the hardness of the Hearts of this people being somewhat se[?] pacified, the Divine goodness has deigned, by means of Pacificatorij[?], to bring about the Opening of Our great Church, the Governor, Capo Del Giordano, and of the [Sa]le betaking themselves for this purpose with their genti[?]; auiò[?] thus peacefully each of the Betlemitani should come in a peaceful state to Live there. [A]nd others who kept inside the Church [...] to take it, and so each took what he kept as his own, or whether it was stolen, and the same even[ing] ended in peace, and the village [r]ivesta[?] Inhabited, the Church open =

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 398, record of 1741-01-02

    As written, italian (excerpt): [cartouche d'annee en tete du folio : Anno Dni 1741] [marge : Apertura della Chiesa Grande] Gratie all'Immensa Misericordia del tutt'Onnipotente Iddio Oggi 2. Sennajo 1741. pacificati alquanto se[?] durezze de Cuori di questo popolo s'é degnata La Divina bontà per mezzo de Pacificatorij[?] farsi l'Apertura di N[ost]ra Chiesa grande, portandosi a tal effetto Al Governatore, Capo Del Giordano, …

  • 29 January 1741

    Marriage of 29 January 1741

    In the year of the Lord 1741, on the 29th day of the month of January, the banns having first been published in our Parish Church of Bethleemitica on three feast days during the solemnities of Mass, and [nullo struck through] according to the statement of the Parish priest of the aforesaid Church no impediment having been found, I, Fr Joannes Petrus à Penanco, questioned Joseph son of Joannis Nassar and Rosam daughter of Joseph Zhauui, and, their mutual consent having been obtained, solemnly joined them here in Matrimony by words of the present, on account of the obstacle of the War that had arisen at this time in the Ciuitate Dauidica, with the licence of the Most Reverend Father Pauli à Lauuino, in the presence of known witnesses, who were Aaisa son of Joannis and Maria daughter of Francisci. Afterwards I blessed them according to the Rite of Holy Mother Church. In witness whereof, …

    Saint-Sauveur, Film DGS 8189399, image 41, folio 68, record of 1741-01-29

    As written, latin (excerpt): Anno Domini 1741, die uerò 29 Mensis Januarij, denuntiationibus premissis in Ecclesia nostra Parochiali Bethleemitica tribus diebus festiuis inter Missarum Solemnia, et [nullo biffé] secundum dictum Parochi supradictę Ecclesię nullo impedimento detecto: Ego Fr Joannes Petrus à Penanco Joseph filium Joannis Nassar, et Rosam filiam Joseph Zhauui interrogaui, …

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 12-13 (récit italien “Notizia alli Curati”, daté dans son corps du 23 mars, du 28 août et du 15 octobre 1740)

    As written: Dunque il di 28. Agosto 1740 alle ore 7 della Sera il Salomone Delu…

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 13, record of 30 août 1740

    As written: jacta Nocte præcedenti seditione, et Bello in villa Bethlehemitica inter ipsum suosque adhærentes contra Nationem Torcimannorum

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 13, record of 4 octobre 1740

    As written: causa Belli allati fugiens periculum in Valle S. Pauli prope Bethlehem ab inimicis cæsus Capite necatus fuit

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14, record of 6 octobre 1740

    As written: ob Bellum allatum prope eius Domum ictus sclopeti accepto vulnere in Sinistra Scapula die 30: Augusti… in Camera Torcimannorum in Conventu reddidit

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14, record of 23 octobre 1740 (acte à deux défunts)

    As written: facta iterum tertia vice ex improviso pugna ex parte Catholicorum supradictorum Beit-galae presidiatorum… cecidit inconfessi in Bello, mortui e sepulti sine Parocho e[t] Cruce inibi in Beit-galae

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 15, note narrative du 1er novembre 1740 (“Notizia successiva”)

    As written: la parola di pace, e di restituirsi l'armi… fecero giuramento di non […] più far guerra

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 15, record of 7 novembre 1740

    As written: evolavit in Celum prope villam Beit-gala, inibi commorans propter Bellum prefatum

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 78v, record of 24 novembre 1740

    As written: de repente mortuus est in Villa Sala, [in]ibi propter Bellum contra Torcimanos habitum

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 78v, note narrative du 27 novembre 1740, margin “Caso occurso alla Villa de' Pastori”

    As written: fecero giuramento di non […] più far guerra; […] alle 4 e mezza della mattina […] l'assalto

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 79r, record of 7 décembre 1740

    As written: in N[ost]ro C[œno]bio a metu inimicorum cum aliis Christianis refugiata, Animam reddidit suo Æterno Creatori

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 398, relation de Noël du 25 décembre 1740, margin “Relazione delle Feste Natalizie” (millésime du mois déclaré incertain par la transcription)

    As written: Svillegiate[?] Le Case, Sfornata[?] La villa, fatt'in fuga, e raminghi Li Abitanti, e privi di Vita molti insagramentati[?]

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 398, note du 2 janvier 1741, margin “Apertura della Chiesa Grande”

    As written: Oggi 2. Sennajo 1741… farsi l'Apertura di N[ost]ra Chiesa grande… e terminossi La medema ser[a] in pace… la villa Abita, la Chiesa aperta

  • Document

    Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, actes des 4, 16 octobre, 24 novembre (deux) et 5 décembre 1740 (deux)

    As written: in villa vulgo Bettiella… inibi fugatis propter Bellum eventum ; propter Bellum Beit Giala fugatis quaq[ue] transtulerunt Baptismum pueri antedicti

  • Document

    Film DGS 8927273, image 187, folio 87, record of 2 février 1741 (naissance du 22 novembre 1740)

    As written: baptizavi parvulam Natam Beit Sala propter bellum Bethlehemitanorū die 22. 9brij 1740

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189399, image 41, folio 68, record of 29 janvier 1741

    As written: ob impedimentum Belli in Ciuitate Dauidica isto tempore surrecti de licentia Rmi P.ris Pauli à Lauuino hic coniunxi

4. What the sources leave open

  • The day the fighting began is not settled: the Italian narrative dates the assault to 28 August 1740 at seven in the evening, the burial entry of 30 August says the war broke out "the night before". The month is attested twice, the day once by each source.

  • The two witnesses of the start date are two different hands within one volume, and the signature of 30 August is hard to read. If both entries turned out to be by the same hand, the start date would rest on a single witness.

  • The end is twofold: one source records peace on 2 January 1741, another shows that the war still prevents a wedding on 29 January. Whether the war was over or only suspended in January 1741 is not known.

  • No source explains why no marriage was celebrated in Bethlehem between 19 July 1740 and 24 February 1745. One Bethlehem couple married in Jerusalem on 29 January 1741 because of the war, which accounts for one postponed wedding, not for four and a half years.

  • "Villa Sala" / "Beit Sala" is not identified: the same name appears in Ein Karem entries (1743, 1744, 1746), and the spellings have not been harmonised. It may be Beit Jala or another village.

Show more

  • No source links this war to the plague of 1741-1742: seven months separate the last mention of the war from the first mention of the epidemic, and no entry uses both vocabularies.

  • Whether the violence of February-April 1742 ("tempore Belli", five entries, at the Boticella) and of May-June 1745 (four entries) continues this conflict is not established. A chief named Giabbar / Jabr appears in 1740 and in an Arabic note of February 1742, but a shared name is not a shared identity.

  • Material damage is stated but not counted: houses plundered and damaged, repairs negotiated, goods returned. No source puts a figure on it.

  • None of the people named in the Italian narrative (the two party leaders, the governor, the mediator) has yet been identified.

  • Acts of war are recorded in Bethlehem in February 1742. They do not extend this event: thirteen months separate them from its last mention, and "tempore Belli" dates an entry, it does not give a cause. They form a separate file.

Unconfirmed leads (16)

These leads do not cover everything: each question leaves room for an explanation the sources do not yet suggest.

  • Le 28 août 1740 au soir : le récit italien du registre donne l'heure (« alle ore 7 della Sera ») et le contexte de l'assaut

  • Non : le 2 janvier est une suspension ; l'empêchement joue encore fin janvier et le conflit de factions se prolonge sans être raconté

  • Non : village distinct, ailleurs dans la région

  • Non : deux événements indépendants, séparés de sept mois, sans acte ni vocabulaire commun

  • Oui : la guerre, les déplacements et l'appauvrissement de 1740 ouvrent la voie à l'épidémie de 1741-1742

  • Volume ou cahier de mariages non transcrit, ou tenu ailleurs : la lacune est documentaire

  • Effet réel et cumulé de la guerre puis de l'épidémie sur la vie sacramentelle de la paroisse

5. Cited sources

  • 1740

    Other, 1740

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 12-13, record of 1740

  • 30 August 1740

    Burial of Franciscus Antonius, son of Salomon, aged 47

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 13, record of 1740-08-30

  • 6 October 1740

    Burial of Petrus, aged 17

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14 (left folio), record of 1740-10-06

  • 16 October 1740

    Baptism of 16 October 1740

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, record of 1740-10-16

  • 23 October 1740

    Burial of Joannes, son of Motsallem

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14 (left folio), record of 1740-10-23

  • 1 November 1740?

    Other of 1 November 1740

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 15 (right folio), record of 1740-11-01

  • 24 November 1740

    Baptism of 24 November 1740

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, record of 1740-11-24

  • 27 November 1740

    Other of 27 November 1740

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 78v, record of 1740-11-27

  • 5 December 1740

    Baptism of 5 December 1740

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, record of 1740-12-05

  • 25 December 1740?

    Other of 25 December 1740

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 398, record of 1740-12-25

  • 2 January 1741

    Other of 2 January 1741

    Sainte-Catherine Bethlehem, Film DGS 8189367, image 398, record of 1741-01-02

  • 29 January 1741

    Marriage of 29 January 1741

    Saint-Sauveur, Film DGS 8189399, image 41, folio 68, record of 1741-01-29

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 12-13 (récit italien “Notizia alli Curati”, daté dans son corps du 23 mars, du 28 août et du 15 octobre 1740)

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 13, record of 30 août 1740

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 395, folio 13, record of 4 octobre 1740

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14, record of 6 octobre 1740

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 14, record of 23 octobre 1740 (acte à deux défunts)

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 15, note narrative du 1er novembre 1740 (“Notizia successiva”)

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 396, folio 15, record of 7 novembre 1740

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 78v, record of 24 novembre 1740

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 78v, note narrative du 27 novembre 1740, margin “Caso occurso alla Villa de' Pastori”

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 397, folio 79r, record of 7 décembre 1740

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 398, relation de Noël du 25 décembre 1740, margin “Relazione delle Feste Natalizie” (millésime du mois déclaré incertain par la transcription)

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189367, image 398, note du 2 janvier 1741, margin “Apertura della Chiesa Grande”

  • Document

    Film DGS 8927273, image 186, folio 86, actes des 4, 16 octobre, 24 novembre (deux) et 5 décembre 1740 (deux)

  • Document

    Film DGS 8927273, image 187, folio 87, record of 2 février 1741 (naissance du 22 novembre 1740)

  • Document

    Film DGS 8189399, image 41, folio 68, record of 29 janvier 1741

The story lies almost entirely in one volume, the death register of Saint Catherine in Bethlehem, written in two ways. On one side, Latin burial entries, each saying how a man died; on the other, five Italian notes the priest inserted between the entries, beginning with the notice to his successors that goes back to the collapsed oven. The same parish's baptismal register and the marriage register of Saint Saviour in Jerusalem complete the picture.

The war begins in August 1740. The narrative dates the assault to 28 August, seven in the evening; the burial entry of 30 August, by another friar, the vice-parish priest, places the sedition "the night before." The two agree on the month, not on the day: we show the month.

The end is twofold. On 2 January 1741 the priest records the reopening of the great church, "la villa Abita, la Chiesa aperta"; on 29 January a Bethlehem couple must still marry in Jerusalem because of the war. We do not know whether the war was over or only suspended.

The Christmas account is headed "A dì 25 8bre 1740." In his notes the priest writes "8bre" for October; in his Latin entries, "Xbris" for December. Yet the text tells Christmas night in the past tense and follows an entry of 20 December in the volume: it was written after Christmas. We date it 25 December 1740, an uncertain date that only a reading of the folio can confirm.

The number of dead is not known. The priest counts nine on 1 November; the register ties the deaths of nine people to the war up to 7 December, four of them refugees or displaced, without the entry saying that the war killed them. The dead of 27 November have no entry. Both figures stand side by side. Margarita, too, has two ages: six in the narrative, almost nine in her burial entry.

Everything is seen from one side, that of a Latin parish: the non-Catholic actors of the conflict are named only by it, and no court register of these years sheds light on the affair. In the quotations, square brackets mark gaps in the paper and uncertain readings.

Unless stated otherwise, translations quoted here are working translations made for reading the record, not critical editions.

1 year in this period with no published record here: our registers do not cover it, so its silence proves nothing.

Places not counted: attested by another parish (1), attested through an effect of the event (1), no published page (2).

Related people

Every linked person is justified by a record: its quotation is reproduced as the register carries it, with the film, image and folio reference. How strong the link is follows what the source says about the person herself; a cause of death written on her mention counts as documented impact, an attested presence in the same place and period counts as probable exposure, and a life contemporary with the event, without proof of presence, remains context.

How was this event investigated?

See the source text

Ottoman Holy Land Data Project, "War: Bethlehem, 1740-1741," accessed 6 October 2026, https://levantinelives.org/en/evenements/evt_1740_1741_guerre_bethleem/. Version cited: snapshot from 5 October 2026, hash 3e956ca861d6+13cae3.

Cite this record.

Reference (Chicago style).

Ottoman Holy Land Data Project, "War: Bethlehem, 1740-1741," accessed 6 October 2026, https://levantinelives.org/en/evenements/evt_1740_1741_guerre_bethleem/. Version cited: snapshot from 5 October 2026, hash 3e956ca861d6+13cae3.

See the BibTeX and RIS formats
@misc{levantine_evt_1740_1741_guerre_bethleem,
  title        = {War: Bethlehem, 1740-1741},
  author       = {{Ottoman Holy Land Data Project}},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {https://levantinelives.org/en/evenements/evt_1740_1741_guerre_bethleem/},
  note         = {Snapshot 2026-10-05, hash 3e956ca861d6+13cae3, id evt_1740_1741_guerre_bethleem},
  urldate      = {2026-10-06}
}
TY  - DATA
TI  - War: Bethlehem, 1740-1741
AU  - Ottoman Holy Land Data Project
DA  - 2026/10/05
PY  - 2026
UR  - https://levantinelives.org/en/evenements/evt_1740_1741_guerre_bethleem/
ID  - evt_1740_1741_guerre_bethleem
N1  - Snapshot 2026-10-05, hash 3e956ca861d6+13cae3
Y2  - 2026-10-06
ER  -
Lives connected. Sources revealed.